ナイロビ国立博物館の化石コレクションとその保存の危機

tucked within the dusty back rooms of the Nairobi National Museum are million-year-old fossils an unparalleled collection of insects tens of thousands of Bones and a fossilized skeleton crucial to our understanding of humanity it is one of the most important biodiversity resources in Africa and because of that it's also of global importance despite its significance the Nairobi National Museum's roughly 10 million specimens are at risk years of limited resources and a Severe lack of funding have left this Priceless repository of the past in a state of dilapidation and Decay you've got labels that are sort of lying loose You' got bits and pieces that are in bags things are getting lost records are getting lost so it is in real urgent need of attention seeing these variable Corrections on the FL this is one of the areas that cause us a lot of anxiety making matters worse the museum was recently engulfed in a corruption Scandal further undermining the Museum's efforts to procure funding now an International Coalition of scientists is racing to save the museum and secure the millions needed to overhaul it their goal is to restore the institution and its collection to a state more befitting its immense importance to humanity Tom makuyu is the collections manager of the Nairobi National Museum's h of Vault stored here is the Museum's most famous fossil the turab boy which is one of the most complete homoerectus skeletons known to science most Museum visitors only see a replica of this fossil in the Museum's exhibition space but we were granted a rare opportunity a Peak at the original fossil this is all the skeleton of tab boy this is the cranium the spine the legs right ribs the left ribs the hands and up pic fossils housed in the vault enjoy luxuries unavailable to the rest of the Museum's collection the vault is bombproof air conditioned and carpeted it's Kenya's most prized uh fossil it's like the crown jewel of of the paleontological collections paleontologist Louise leaki is the director of public education and Outreach at the Trana Basin Institute the significance of the T boy is largely that it's so complete despite being ax o imely 1.5 million years old the trab boy fossil is only missing a humorous hands and feet the Tran boy's remains were discovered in Northern Kenya in 1984 by a team led by the scientist Richard leaky luis's father the storage standards of the hominum Vault contrast sharply with the rest of the Museum's back rooms which tend to be decades out of date and severely underresourced you know look look at this this is very precarious right sitting on a bit of foam and it wobbles so that could very easily get knocked off and it's an early very early elephant this thing should be much safer and the broken bits that have come off it they need to be stuck back on again because otherwise it's going to get lost one of the Museum's biggest challenges is a lack of space some of the largest and most impressive fossils are housed in Dusty corners on crumbling mattresses or in locations that seem to invite an accident these are a couple of elephant tusks in here this one's obviously the tip's been broken it's fallen off but you know these are not very easy to move so if you want to get these out you can't get them out in these Stacks they're on foam that's perishing um they're breaking because the glue is aged we need a different way to store these collections as soon as possible on the pantology floor uncounted thousands of fossils some as old as 3 million years are kept decrepit off and RAM shackle conditions not befitting the collection's importance to science in any one tray there's you know 100 odd specimens and you can't see those specimens andless you leave through them to find the number and the card so it's quite hard to find anything in this collection as well another problem is the collection's Antiquated record system which is still based on handwritten not cards these cards are unique there are no more of them if you pull out a card it will tell you where it is stored in the lab so if we were to have a fire and we were to lose these cards we would lose all context we we wouldn't know where anything was or where it came from so in some ways this information is as important as the collection the fossils themselves because a fossil without context has no relevance it has no meaning my hands are absolutely filthy because of the Dust there these bags are falling apart just literally perished right and all of these pieces are then going to get mixed up with everything else in this bag and you're going to lose the labels and the writing on the outside is disappearing as well so it's not not great the Leakes are perhaps the world's most renowned family of paleontology fossil excavations done by Louis's grandfather Lewis grandmother Mary Father Richard and mother me abended Humanity's understanding of early humans until the 1950s scientists believed that homo sapiens evolved in Europe or Asia about 60,000 years ago but thanks to the Leakes we now know that homo sapiens actually emerged from Africa much earlier about 200,000 years ago it's very frustrating to see the collections in this state because they they just haven't had any investment the Kenyan government only funds staff salaries at the Museum this is partially because Kenya is facing a financial crisis of its own this summer violent protests gripped the country after the government proposed unpopular tax increases the Museum's operating Revenue comes mainly from ticket sales the museum said it expects to take in about 300 million Kenyan shillings or $2.3 million annually from ticket sales that the museum functions at all is largely thanks to its dedicated staff I mean the staff in the department here working really hard to create the labels the accession cards um and do as best they can with the resources that they've got to keep this collection safe it's because they care that this thing continues cuz there's some very good kenion lots of potential lots of amazing young scientists that are upcoming this could be an extraordinary collection if it had the financial backing to upgrade it many of the fossils housed in the museum were found 400 Mi north of Nairobi in Kenya's Lake turana Region Lake takana is the world's best field laboratory for the story of human ancestors there's nowhere else like it in the world today Louise and her 13ers team are doing what the Leakes have done for decades fossil hunting there's nowhere else quite like this both in terms of its scale its size and the depth of time that's preserved here that is so easy to date using sort of the gical ash Horizons which give you very accurate dates extending from northern Kenya into Southern Ethiopia lake turana is the largest permanent desert lake in the world stretching almost 150 5 mes from north to south surrounded by arid harsh terrain the lake is known for its high winds and high temperatures so it's not a job for an impatient person at all but it is a job that requires teamwork and perseverance we can go for months and not find any human ancestral remains and when you do find a little piece of a homin you know it's the very first time anybody's ever seen that particular piece joining Louise on today's fossil Hunt is Nairobi National Museum's director General Mary gungu I think that's a bit of a tool you see how it's been worked oh my God this place is so rich this is the way we found all those fossils like the T boy and things that are in the vault in the museum what you got let's see what you have here wow so could it be what one horn yeah it's beautiful as we know that we need to make more space in the museum cuz you can see there's so much fossil out here yeah and every year we have teams of people looking and finding more fossils so where are we going to put it all I agree with you that there is Need for expansion of our correction centers because right now they are these collections many of them you can't find in the wild anymore they gone these may be the only examples of certain things that are left the Nairobi national museum is perhaps best known for tomm fossils but it also boasts impressive collections of insects bones amphibians and fish whereas the greatest challenge facing the fossils is storage the insect collection is most threatened by the possibility of fire entomologist Dino Martins is exploring the back room of the Museum's vast insect collection one of the amazing things about these collections is that I can come here and look at them today specimens that were collected almost 100 years ago and I can learn from them I can put them away and a 100 years from today somebody else can come and look at them and learn something different and move knowledge forward and this is why Museum Natural History collections is so important all right sleep nicely butterflies I spend a lot of time at the national museum of Kenya because it is such an important resource for understanding in my case insects Scott Miller is a senior research entomologist at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History there we go preserving Museum collections anywhere in the world is a challenge because there are many things that degrade collections over time in the case of biological specimens such as we have here they can be put at risk by a a catastrophic event like a fire or a flood but they can also be put at risk by much more Insidious and sort of harder to observe events um whether that be uh insect pests eating them or fungus degrading them or light degrading their color and patterns catastrophic events at natural history museums are not without precedent in 2018 Brazil's national museum went up in Flames destroying the majority of its 20 million specimens the Nairobi National Museum struggles with the lack of resources and funding are a common story for many museums around the world in February Duke University announced it would be closing its herbarium which is home to a collection of over 800,000 plant specimens University officials said they could no longer afford to maintain a facility that is one of the largest herbariums in the US in 2000 Princeton University shuttered its natural history museum replacing it with an environmental Institute kungu is tasked with leading the Nairobi Museum's turnaround we are planning to come up with a a bigger collection center whereby in that Center we would have enough space even for more Corrections because in this country a lot has not been corrected kungu assumed the leadership position last year after her predecessor maeland kabuna was charged with allegedly masterminding a scheme to steal $4 million from the Museum's coffers by filling its staff with more than 100 ghost workers so the former National Museum's director Galo kibunja will spend the night in custody kaba's attorney said that the case against his client is politically motivated kabuna pleaded not guilty to the charges corruption concerns have cast a long Shadow over the museum which is why the US was reluctant to give money directly to it in May President Biden hosted Kenyan President William Ruto for a state visit at the White House during that visit the Biden Administration announced it would fund an initiative to send Smithsonian experts to Nairobi to assess the Museum's needs and plan a road map to reform which would likely include digitizing records and modernizing storage facilities part of the Smithsonian role is trying to ensure the health and success of sister museums around the world partnering with Smithsonian the area of digitization correction management correction preservation are some of the areas that we are going to work closly together the Smithsonian is expected to begin its assessment in the coming months once that is complete the team of scientists will then need to find the millions of dollars required to save the collection before it's too late so there's a lot of investment that needs to go into upgrading the storage of these collections that are important important not only for Kenya not only for Africa but for the world they're not housed anywhere else Kenya insists that these collections be housed in the country in which they were found and so we need to make sure that we are keeping them safe for the future [Music]